Character Core (Arona): Bruce Wayne is an intuitive and romantic thinker, deeply driven by his ideals and a strong sense of justice. He values intuition beyond logic, believing in the power of instinctive knowledge to guide his actions. His quest to balance logic and intuition shapes his worldview, leading him to mold himself into an […]
Piaget’s model of child development and Vygotsky’s theories offer contrasting views on how children learn and develop. While Piaget conceptualizes learning in distinct stages, Vygotsky emphasizes the role of socialization over age-based developmental milestones. 1. Role of Social Interaction Piaget: Piaget viewed children as solitary learners who develop cognitive abilities through individual interactions with their […]
In 1983, American psychologist Howard Gardner revolutionized our understanding of intelligence by proposing a theory that identifies nine distinct types of intelligence. To illustrate Gardner’s theory, let’s consider a practical scenario: the council of Newtown’s decision to build a bridge over dangerous railroad tracks, despite opposition from some citizens resistant to change. The council hires […]
Classical conditioning is a fundamental way of learning where a stimulus that naturally triggers a biological response is paired with a new stimulus. Over time, this new stimulus alone can produce the same response. The most famous experiments in classical conditioning were conducted by Ivan Pavlov in the 1890s. Through his research on the digestive […]
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a psychological theory that outlines five levels of human needs, which drive our behaviors. Proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943, this theory was based on his study of exemplary individuals like Albert Einstein and Eleanor Roosevelt. According to Maslow, we are motivated to fulfill our needs in a specific order, […]
Can we only learn through direct experience, or can we also learn from observing others? Psychologist Albert Bandura explored this question through his pioneering work, resulting in the social learning theory in the 1960s. This was a period dominated by scholars who believed learning was solely the result of classical and operant conditioning. Bandura’s experiments, […]
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development claims that as we grow up, we pass through five critical phases. Our sex drive, which Freud called the Libido, focuses on a different erogenous zone at each phase. The phases are called Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. If our experience during any of these phases was traumatic, we […]
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishments to modify behavior. This concept, initially explored by Edward L. Thorndike and later popularized by B.F. Skinner, is based on the principle that behaviors can be increased or decreased based on the consequences they produce. To comprehend operant conditioning, it’s essential to recognize […]
Jean Piaget, a renowned Swiss psychologist, proposed a theory of cognitive development that outlines four stages which individuals must pass through to develop full human intelligence. These stages are: Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years) Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) Formal Operational Stage (12+ years) Each stage is characterized by different […]
The Pygmalion Effect is a phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance. This can be illustrated through a cycle: OUR EXPECTATIONS about another person’s abilities influence OUR ACTIONS toward that person. Our actions then affect the other person’s self-image. This self-image impacts the other person’s actions toward us, which in turn confirms […]