Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages through which a healthy individual should pass from birth to death. Each phase presents different needs, new questions, and interactions with people who influence our behavior and learning.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 1-2 years)
In infancy, we ask ourselves if the world is a safe place. If we can trust those around us, we learn to trust others in the future. Experiencing fear leads to doubt and mistrust. Our primary caregiver, usually the mother, plays a key role in this stage.
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood: 2-4 years)
During early childhood, we discover our bodies and capabilities. We ask if it is okay to be ourselves. If we are allowed to explore, we develop self-confidence. If restricted, we may develop shame and doubt. Both parents are crucial during this phase.
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age: 4-5 years)
In preschool, we take initiative and try new things, learning basic principles like how round objects roll. We question if it is okay to do what we do. Encouragement allows us to pursue our interests. If held back or criticized, we may develop guilt. The entire family influences our learning at this stage.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 5-12 years)
We start discovering our interests and recognize our differences from others. We want to prove our abilities and ask if we can succeed in this world. Recognition from teachers and peers fosters industriousness, while excessive negative feedback leads to feelings of inferiority and loss of motivation. Neighbors and schools have the most significant impact during this period.
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 13-19 years)
In adolescence, we learn about different social roles, experiencing an identity crisis. If allowed to explore, we find our identity. Conformity to parents’ views may lead to role confusion and feeling lost. Peers and role models are crucial during this time.
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 20-40 years)
As young adults, we begin to understand who we are and adjust our previous relationships. We question if we can love. Successful long-term commitments lead to confidence and happiness, while failure to form close relationships results in isolation and loneliness. Friends and partners are central to our development.
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood: 40-65 years)
In our 40s, we become comfortable and may contribute to society. We are concerned with generativity. If we feel capable of guiding the next generation, we are happy. Unresolved conflicts from earlier stages may lead to pessimism and stagnation. People at home and work are the most influential.
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity: 65 years to death)
In old age, we slow down and reflect on our lives. We question how we have fared. Believing we have done well leads to satisfaction and integrity. If not, we may experience despair, becoming grumpy and bitter. It’s a time to compare ourselves with humanity.